Opening Files in C++:             Before reading data from or writing data into a file, the file must he opened. It is opened by creating objects of ifstream, ofstream or fstream stream classes.             A file is opened for output for writing data into it and it is also opened for input for reading data from it. Similarly, a file can also be opened for both input and output... 

Streams and Files:             Stream is a general term. It refers to flow of data from a source to a destination. The process of inputting data from the source is known as reading, extracting, getting or fetching. The process of outputting data to the destination is known as writing, inserting, putting or storing.             In C++ special classes known as stream classes are... 

Data Files in C++ The input was given from the keyboard and the output was received on the computer screen. This method works well when input and output are not many and are small. But when the input becomes large, it is not possible to enter data from the keyboard. If there is a mistake in entering data, all data will have to be entered again. Similarly, if the output is large, it is necessary to... 

Concept of Ordinal Utility: The indifference curve indicates the various combinations of two goods which yield equal satisfaction to the consumer. By definition, an indifference curve shows all the various combinations of two goods that give an equal amount of satisfaction to a consumer. The indifference curve analysis approach was first introduced by Slustsky, a Russian economist in 1915. Later on... 

Dr. Alfred Marshall-was of the view that the law of demand and so the demand curve can be derived with the help of utility analysis. He explained the derivation of law of demand (i) in the case of a single commodity and (ii) in the case of two or more than two commodities: In the utility analysis of demand, the following assumptions are made: Assumptions (1) Utility is cardinally measurable. (2) Utilities... 

Consumer’s Equilibrium Cardinal Utility Approach  The principle of equal marginal utility occupies an important place in the cardinal utility analysis. According to this, a consumer is in equilibrium when he distributes his given money income among various goods in such a way that marginal utility derived from the last rupee spent on each good is the same. The Marshallian approach to consumer’s...