Variables: The central idea in research is variable. Variable is simply defined that it is a concept that varies. There are two types of concepts, 1) those that refer with a fixed phenomenon; and 2) those that can vary by quantity or amount. The measures of concept and second type of concept are variables. Anything that varies or changes in value is called variable. It can take two or more values because... 

Pointers and Strings:   A string is a sequence of characters. A string type variable is declared in the same manner as an array type variable is declared. This is because a string is an array of character type variables.   Since a string is like an array, pointer variables can also be used to access it. For example:   char st1[ ] = “Pakistan”; char *st2 = “Pakistan”;   In the above statements,... 

Pointers and Arrays:   There is a close relationship between pointers and arrays. In advanced programming, arrays are accessed using pointers. An array consists of consecutive locations in the computer memory. To access an array, the memory location of the first element of the array is accessed using the pointer variable. The pointer is then incremented to access other elements of the array. The pointer... 

Propositions The basic units of theory development are called concept, though understanding of relationship among concepts required by theories. Thus the scientist is interested in the relationship among various concepts, once reality gets abstracted into concepts. Prepositions are statements that relate with the logical linkage among concepts. It explains the logical relationship among certain concepts... 

Pointer Variables   The variable that is used to hold the memory address of another variable is called a pointer variable or simply a pointer.   The data type of the variable (whose address a pointer is to hold) and the pointer variable must be the same. A pointer variable is declared by placing an asterisk (*) after data type or before the variable name in the data type statement.   For example,... 

Concepts Development of theory is an essential process of describing facts at higher abstraction level. The generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, processes or occurrences that have given a name is called concept. Such names are being developed for identification of a phenomenon. They may be considered as empirical realities, for example productivity, leadership, motivation, moral,... 

Pointers:             Pointers are the most powerful feature of C & C++. These are used to create and manipulate data structures such as linked lists, queues, stacks, trees etc. The virtual functions also require the use of pointers. These are used in advanced programming techniques. To understand the use of pointers, the knowledge of memory locations, memory addresses and storage of... 

Theory and Research The idea being the science is to worry about expansion of knowledge, to make predictions and discovery of truth. The means by which a basic research hopes to accomplish the purpose is called theory. Scientists establish questions such as: Does interaction of teacher-student influence the performance of student? What makes inflation? There is the element of prediction involved in... 

Friend Function: A friend function can access all members of a class in which it is declared. It can also access private and protected members of all other classes even though it is not a member function of those classes. It is a non-member function. It is normally used when a function has to access private data of other classes. A friend function is defined in a class. It is defined by using the keyword... 

Destructors in C++:             When an object is destroyed a special member function of that class is executed automatically. This member function is called the destructor function or destructor. The destructor function has the same name as the name of a class but a tilde sign (~) is written before its name. It is executed automatically when an object comes to the end of its life. Like...