Hypothesis Testing As we know that the statements about variables considered to be true or false are propositions. A hypothesis is a proposition that can be verified to determine its reality. Therefore we can say verifiable counterpart of a proposition. Logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables may be defined as hypothesis that expressed in the form of a testable statement. Some... 

Moderating Variables Moderating variables are the variables which strongly effect on relationship of independent-variables and dependent-variables i.e. existence of a moderating variable transforms the original relationship between dependent and independent variable. For example, the relationship between quality of a library facilities “X” and performance of the students “Y” has been observed... 

Data: A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. Data is collected from different sources and is not very meaningful for making decisions. Data may consist of numbers, characters, symbols or pictures etc. Data is collected for different purposes. Examples of Data: Different organizations conduct surveys to know the opinion of the people about their product. In these surveys, people express... 

Supply is of the scarce goods. It is the amount of a commodity that sellers are able and willing to offer for sale at different prices per unit of time. In the words of Meyer “Supply is a schedule of the amount of a good that would be offered for sale at all possible prices at any period of time; e.g., a day, a week, and so on”. Distinction between Supply and Stock. Here, it seems necessary... 

The word demand is so common and familiar with every one of us that it seems superfluous to define it. The need for precise definition arises simply because it is sometimes confused with other words such as desire, wish, want, etc. Demand in economics means a desire to possess a good supported by willingness and ability to pay for it. If you have a desire to buy a certain commodity, say, a car, but... 

Individual behavior can be affected by the relationship between group members or work group inside the organization. Culture of the organization may also have impact on personal behavior. A consideration of a cultural group that what is important, desirable and worthwhile indicates the cultural values. People in the organizations share their cultural values, which becomes the basis for individual value... 

Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS): The concept of marginal rate of substitution (MRS) was introduced by Dr. J.R. Hicks and Prof. R. G. D. Allen to take the place of the concept of Diminishing Marginal Utility. Allen and Hicks are of the opinion that it is unnecessary to measure the utility of a commodity. The necessity is to study the behavior of the consumer as to how he prefers one commodity to... 

Variables Influencing the Individual Human Behaviors (The Persons) The Persons Behavior of individuals cannot be measure by having its single characteristics. Therefore verity of differences might be useful to explain said behavior i.e. • Skills & Abilities • Personality • Perceptions • Attitudes • Values • Ethics SKILLS & ABILITIES To perform verity of task by mental and physical... 

Organizational Behavior Organization Behavior (OB) is particularly concerned with actions of people working in the organization. To be effective in their jobs, managers should need to develop interpersonal skills of the people working with them. OB is the field of study which tells the impact of behavior of individuals and groups within an organization. The results of such studies then apply in organizations... 

Challenges faced by organizations In today’s environment, organizations are facing many different challenges like technology, diverse workforce, multiple stakeholders, responsiveness, rapid changes and globalization. Technology If we take a look 20 to 25 years back, only few of the organization and individuals used fax machines, email system and computers having a huge body that could be adjusted...