Hypothesis Testing As we know that the statements about variables considered to be true or false are propositions. A hypothesis is a proposition that can be verified to determine its reality. Therefore we can say verifiable counterpart of a proposition. Logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables may be defined as hypothesis that expressed in the form of a testable statement. Some... 

Moderating Variables Moderating variables are the variables which strongly effect on relationship of independent-variables and dependent-variables i.e. existence of a moderating variable transforms the original relationship between dependent and independent variable. For example, the relationship between quality of a library facilities “X” and performance of the students “Y” has been observed... 

Dependent and Independent Variables Dependent variables are those which are affected or the result/outcome of another variable while the variables that discover conditions act on something else is called independent variables. Independent variables are also known by the cause variables and dependent are referred as outcome variables. It is not easy to differentiate between dependent and independent... 

Types of Variables (Continuous and Discontinuous): There are many different properties of variables and these properties are based on numerical values we assign them. If the numerical value able to divide in fractions so it may called as continuous variable. Such variable could take huge number of values or can say infinite values, for example age, temperature, income, test score and etc… The values... 

Variables: The central idea in research is variable. Variable is simply defined that it is a concept that varies. There are two types of concepts, 1) those that refer with a fixed phenomenon; and 2) those that can vary by quantity or amount. The measures of concept and second type of concept are variables. Anything that varies or changes in value is called variable. It can take two or more values because... 

Propositions The basic units of theory development are called concept, though understanding of relationship among concepts required by theories. Thus the scientist is interested in the relationship among various concepts, once reality gets abstracted into concepts. Prepositions are statements that relate with the logical linkage among concepts. It explains the logical relationship among certain concepts... 

Concepts Development of theory is an essential process of describing facts at higher abstraction level. The generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, processes or occurrences that have given a name is called concept. Such names are being developed for identification of a phenomenon. They may be considered as empirical realities, for example productivity, leadership, motivation, moral,... 

Theory and Research The idea being the science is to worry about expansion of knowledge, to make predictions and discovery of truth. The means by which a basic research hopes to accomplish the purpose is called theory. Scientists establish questions such as: Does interaction of teacher-student influence the performance of student? What makes inflation? There is the element of prediction involved in... 

Types of Applied Research Action Research: The research that act knowledge as a form of power and eliminate the line between social and research action is called action research. Those who are being involved in the research process; research integrates normal and popular knowledge; it concentrate on the power with an objective of empowerment; research seeks to increase awareness; and tied up directly... 

Comparison of Basic and Applied Research The techniques and procedures utilized by the basic and applied researcher do not differ a lot. Both used scientific methods to answer the questions. The primary consumer of basic research is the scientific community. On the other hand practitioners such as teachers, counselors, and decision maker like managers, committees and other officials are the consumers...