Application Program: An application program is a program that is’ used to send commands to the database management system to manipulate database. These commands are sent to the DBMS through graphical user interface. The user interacts with the application program and the application program further interacts with... 

The use of data base approach also has disadvantages. Some of disadvantages are as follows: High Cost of DBMS: A complete database management system is very large and sophisticated software. It is expensive to purchase database management software. Higher Hardware Cost: Database management systems are complicated... 

Database Management System: A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that are used to create and maintain a database. DBMS is a general-purpose software system that provides the following facilities: 1. It provides the facility to define the structure of the, database. The user can specify the... 

Following are some important examples of database: Phone Directory: Phone directory is a simple example of a database. A phone directory stores the phone numbers of different persons. You can search any phone number from the phone directory easily because all phone numbers are stored in an organized way. Library:... 

Database can he defined as an organized collection of related data. The word organized means that data is stored in such a way that the user can store, manipulate and retrieve data easily. The word related means that a database is normally created to store the data about a particular topic. For example if you create... 

Atomicity Problem: When you perform an operation on data, it may consist of different steps. A collection of all steps required to complete a process is known as transaction. The atomicity means that either one transaction should take place as a whole or it should not take place at all. Suppose you want to transfer... 

Data Isolation: The data in file processing system is stored in various files; it becomes very difficult to write new application, programs to retrieve the appropriate data. Suppose that student emails are stored in “Students” file and fee information is stored in “Fee” file. To send an email message to inform... 

In file processing system, the same data may be duplicated in several files. For example, there are two files “Students” and “Library”. The file “Students” contains the Roll No, name, address and telephone number and other details of all students in a college. The file “Library” contains the Roll No... 

Metadata can he defined as data about data. It is used to describe the properties and characteristics of some other data. Metadata describes the size, format and other characteristics of data. It also includes the rules and constraints about data. Example: When you create a table, you specify the data type, size,... 

Hypothesis Testing As we know that the statements about variables considered to be true or false are propositions. A hypothesis is a proposition that can be verified to determine its reality. Therefore we can say verifiable counterpart of a proposition. Logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables...